Jean Watsons theory of caring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jean Watsons theory of caring - Essay Example This paper talks on Jane Watson's theory of nursing. Her theory is based on the belief that a caring attitude among the nurses for their patients is an essential part of getting well. Moreover, a real and heart-felt caring attitude develops from a humanistic personal value system that comes from a liberal arts background in college. She calls this caring attitude as composed of â€Å"carative† factors (from the word care) and is encapsulated in her seven major assumptions as contained in her theory of nursing. Furthermore, she elaborated on this theory in her ten â€Å"carative† factors that should serve as a guide in today's complex world of nursing. The major point of her theory is to re-emphasize the caring factors which are somehow lost in the current focus on technological and technical factors in medicine and nursing care. People seem to have forgotten how crucial caring is because of the rapid commercialization of the health care industry. Patients are now viewed or termed as clients and no different from a regular sales transaction in which the health care nurse or any medical professional is the seller and the patient is the customer. Jane Watson's theory has great significance today in view of emphasis that patients should be treated first and foremost as human beings who have feelings which can either send them back to either good or ill health depending on the attitude exhibited by their nurses. Profound changes in the medical and scientific technologies should not diminish the patient as a person. Keywords: altruism, carative, caring, humanistic, nursing, personal, theory, values Introduction Nursing today is a recognized profession and forms a crucial part of the health care team. Nurses have their own code of ethics to guide them through the challenges and ethical issues that they often encounter in their practice. It has gone a very long way since the days of Ms. Florence Nightingale whose original philosophy was limited to caring of the wounded and the sick as she had witnessed during a war. Nursing has since expanded to many specialties such that nurses are to be trained academically as well as acquire practical skills through learning by experience. The big part of nursing practice is anchored on certain theories about proper care in all aspects of the human life. Nursing has since expanded to include important components in human life: ranging from the conception of life itself, the entire birth-death cycle, personal relationships, good health, healing, pain, suffering, loss, grieving and caring (Watson, 2008, p. 2). Nursing practice is based on a number of competing theories about caring for the sick and how to promote good health in general. It has evolved since and is still evolving even today. This paper discusses Jean Watson's own theory of nursing as opposed to the other nursing theories in current practice. Nursing as a distinct profession has its unique focus for knowledge acquisition and developm ent through the totality of its philosophy, research, theories and practical wisdom. The knowledge so acquired is used to guide actual nursing practice but obviously, this can also change from time to time depending on which nursing theory seems plausible and workable. The theories of Jean Watson are remarkable in one respect which is to bring back humanity to a side of nursing which had been criticized in some quarters of society as being too cold and clinical for forgetting that patients are people who have feelings that can get hurt if not handled well. Discussion Background of Theory – Jean Watson had a doctorate degree in nursing and so was able to develop her theory based on extensive knowledge together with equally impressive working experiences. She has both undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing and psychiatric health nursing as well as another doctorate degree

Article and lyrics comparison Essay Example for Free

Article and lyrics comparison Essay The songs â€Å"Have you Forgotten† by Darryl Worley, and â€Å"Where have all the flowers gone? † by Pete Seeger are two songs that both deliver strong messages regarding two different wars. â€Å"Have you Forgotten? † which is a song composed to convey emotions regarding the war in Iraq delivers messages that are meant to sway people to hate war. It describes the war and all its horrors by questioning if people have in fact forgotten what it is like to be in a war and so have become indifferent of the one that was currently being fought. â€Å"Where have all the flowers gone? † on the other hand, which is written during the period of the Vietnam war is another song written as a series of progressive questions terminating in the sad reality that the war in Vietnam had caused so many deaths. While the song does not in any way specify whose death had been more deserved or valued in the Vietnam War, it proceeds to question these deaths in an attempt to question the war itself. In an article, John Pareles describes that, â€Å"Songs that touched on the war in 2006 were suffused with the mournful and resentful knowledge† (2010) This is quite obvious in the song by Worley, for instance, in the lines from the chorus, â€Å"Have you forgotten, how it felt that day? / To see your homeland under fire/†¦And you say we shouldnt worry bout Bin Laden†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (7-8, 12) the song seems to be didactic and even moralizing in its approach and its perception of how people perceived the war. These lines, in relation to what Pareles describes, are in fact resentful in that they express how people are indifferent about this particular war. In addition, Pareles (2010) also states that, â€Å"Immediate responses to 9/11 and to the invasion of Iraq arrived along familiar lines. There was anger and saber-rattling at first†. This expresses how the emotions had died down when the war had began to drone on. There was only the desired response initially which eventually died down. Hence, Morley’s song very accurately describes this indifference by questioning America about its stand on the war and how America can seemingly be uncaring of what was going on. So, in the last few lines of the song, one finds, â€Å"Have you forgotten / About our Pentagon / All the loved ones that we lost / And those left to carry on† (27-30) as the song shifts from being fierily questioning of the objectives for and reactions to the war to being deeply emotional, appealing to the better judgment of the listeners as if pleading that everybody be more reactive because the war was not just any kind of war, but it was something that took away so much from those who were in it. Songs during the Vietnam War were equally as questioning, perhaps because that particular also had grey areas when it came to the goals and objectives of the battle. In 1963 musicians began directly questioning the Vietnam War. † (Anderson) and so, in the song â€Å"Where have all the flowers gone? † by Seeger, this questioning tone is also employed. However, noticeably in the song, as it progresses, the repeated lines go from questioning where the flowers are to where the graves are; (1-40) looking at each of the stanzas, however, the more interesting recurring line is â€Å"When will they ever learn? † (7-8, 15-16, 23-24, 31-32, 39-40) which serves the same function as the ‘Have you forgotten’ theme of the earlier song. So, in effect, this song by Seeger not only questions but also admonishes the listeners, perhaps because, â€Å"Their music stated traditional folk themes, ones which were being voiced in the current civil rights crusade: justice, peace, and brotherly love. † (Anderson) Looking at these two songs side by side one can easily conclude that while both were about different wars at different periods the main message delivered is don’t people ever get tired of wars albeit the painful and agonizing effects of these exercises? So, if war songs are to be evaluated according to these two songs which are separated by decades in between, the sentiment of people when it comes to war has not changed significantly which is probably due largely to the reality that nobody wants wars regardless of the reasons. So, while both of the songs question the audience or the listeners, the questions in both songs are meant to indirectly remind the listener of the horrors of war and to admonish and enjoin the listener to remain faithful to the precepts of peace, justice and love while actively protesting whatever justifications the government makes for conducting these bloody exercises. Works Cited Anderson, Terry. American Popular Music and the War in Vietnam. (): 51-65. Print. Pareles, John. Pop Music and the War: The Sound of Resignation. New York Times. N. p. , 2 Jan. 2007. Web. 15 July 2010. http://www. nytimes. com/2007/01/02/arts/music/02songs. html . Seeger, Pete. Where Have all the Flowers Gone. arlo. net. N. p. , 2003. Web. 15 July 2010. http://www. arlo. net/resources/lyrics/flowers-gone. shtml. Worley, Darryl. Have you Forgotten?. Lyrics007. N. p. , 2007. Web. 15 July 2010. http://www. lyrics007. com/Darryl%20Worley%20Lyrics/Have%20You%20Forgotten%20Lyrics. html.

Overview of the Olympics :: Sports History Athletics Essays

Overview of the Olympics The Olympic Games are an international sports competition. In the Olympics, athletes play in many types of games. Some athletes compete in the Summer Olympics. Some compete in the Summer Olympics. The Olympic Games are very old and have a very interesting history. The first Olympic Games were held in Greece in ancient times. They probably began in the sixth century B.C. The contests are held every four years in the summer. The first games lasted for only one day. There was only one contest. It was a short race. Only Greek men were allowed to run in the race. Women were not allowed to watch the games either, or to be anywhere near the gaming area. Other events were added later, swimming. But the ancient games were stopped in the fourth century, A.D., when Greece was ruled by Rome. The Olympics were started again in the nineteenth century, after Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a Frenchman, who later being recognized as the Father of Modern Olympics, suggested that it would be good to have the game again, but not just for Greek People. De Coubertin organized a meeting in 1894. Representatives from nine countries went to the meeting in Paris. They agreed to start the Olympic Games again in Athens, Greece, in 1896. The Olympic Games have been held every four years since 1896. Three times, the games were not held because of a world war. There were no games in 1916, 1940, and 1944. The first competition in modern times was held in Athens, but not all of the games have been held there. The Olympic Games are held in many different cities around the world. The 2008 Olympic will be held in Beijing, China. Baron de Coubertin also started a committee to run the Olympics. This committee is called the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It has offices in Lausanne, Switzerland. The Committee has made many decisions that affect the modern Olympics. In 1912, the Committee decided to allow women to compete. In 1924, a second group of games was begun. These new games were played in the winter of each Olympic year. The IOC also makes the rules for athletes in the Olympics. The events and games of the Olympics are of several different types. There are individual contests, where each athlete plays alone. To win this type of contests, one athlete must be better, faster, or stronger than other athletes.

A Raisin in the Sun What’s Up With the Epigraph? Essay

What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore and then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode? Harlem by Langston Hughes. Lorraine Hansberry, playwright, author, and activist seemed to have gotten inspired by Hughes poem as well as her own life experiences and decided to write A Raisin in the Sun. A Raisin in the Sun is a play about an African American family living on the South Side of Chicago during the 1950s. In the play, Lorraine essentially focuses on the dreams of the characters and the obstacles in their life they try to overcome to fulfill them. Each member of the Youngster’s family has a dream he or her wants to accomplish. Lena Younger (Mama) has always dreamt of moving her family into a nice neighborhood with a big backyard so her children can play and she can attend to her garden. Mama is a strongly religious woman who takes care of her family like a mother should. She wants the best for them, Mama’s dream was not a dream she wanted for her family it was also what she and hate husband Big Walter always wanted. Big Walter worked extremely hard to provide and support for his family. So hard it resulted in his death as Mama says â€Å"he finally worked his self to death†. Since Big Walter’s passing Mama has received a life insurance check for ten thousand dollars. Taking to opportunity so that she can fulfill both her and Big Walter’s dream Mama decides to use that money to buy a house in an all-white neighborhood. Big Walter’s life insurance check cause a conflict within the family Ruth Younger dream is quite similar to Mamas. She wants to build a happy family for herself and believes getting away from their cramped apartment will do so. Ruth works very hard to take care of her family but with being overworked, financial problems, a downfall in her relationship with her husband, and an unexpected pregnancy Ruth can’t seem to find any sort of happiness in her life. That’s why she feels a new beginning will change all that. Beneatha Younger dream is to go to medical school to become a doctor. Beneatha is a better educated than the rest of her family and is determined to use her knowledge to make a difference. Throughout the play, it seems as though Beneatha is struggling to find herself. With the changes in hobbies such as horseback riding and playing the guitar also she’s struck an interest in learning more about her African heritage. She is determined to be more than the others around her. Living in a time where women jobs are mostly cooking, cleaning. Walter Lee Jr. the dream is to invest in a liquor store so that he’s able to provide for his family. Walter is not so happy with his dead-end job as a chauffeur and feels this investment will help him make his own money so he can become his own man. Everyone tries to warn Walter that investing into a liquor store is not such a bright idea Throughout the play, A Raisin on Sun

Food safety Essay

However, according to Unit 04 – Communication of Health & Consumers Directorate-General of the European Commission (SANCO): â€Å"The Codex, while being recommendations for voluntary application by members, Codex standards serve in many cases as a basis for national legislation. The reference made to Codex food safety standards in the World Trade Organizations’ Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS Agreement) means that Codex has far reaching implications for resolving trade disputes. WTO members that wish to apply stricter food safety measures than those set by Codex may be required to justify these measures scientifically. † So, an agreement made in 2003, signed by all member states, inclusive all EU, in the codex Stan Codex 240 – 2003 for coconut milk, sulphite containing additives like E223 and E 224 are allowed till 30 mg/kg, does NOT mean, they are allowed into the EU, see RASFF entries from Denmark: 2012. 0834; 2011. 1848; en 2011. 168, â€Å"sulphite unauthorised in coconut milk from Thailand â€Å". Same for polysorbate E 435: see 2012. 0838 from Denmark, unauthorised polysorbates in coconut milk and, 2007. AIC from France. Only for the latter the EU amended its regulations with (EU) No 583/2012 per 2 July 2012 to allow this additive, already used for decades and absolutely necessary. Australia[edit]Food Standards Australia New Zealand is working toward ensuring that all food businesses implement food safety systems to ensure food is safe to consume in a bid to halt the increasing incidence of food poisoning, this includes basic food safety training for at least one person in each business. Smart business operators know that basic food safety training improves the bottom line, staff take more pride in their work; there is less waste; and customers can have more confidence in the food they consume. Food Safety training in units of competence from a relevant training package, must be delivered by a Registered Training Organization (RTO) to enable staff to be issued with a nationally recognised unit of competency code on their certificate. Generally this training can be completed in less than one day. Training options are available to suit the needs of everyone. Training may be carried out in-house for a group, in a public class, via correspondence or online. Basic food safety training includes: Understanding the hazards associated with the main types of food and the conditions to prevent the growth of bacteria which can cause food poisoning and to prevent illness The problems associated with product packaging such as leaks in vacuum packs, damage to packaging or pest infestation, as well as problems and diseases spread by pests. Safe food handling. This includes safe procedures for each process such as receiving, re-packing, food storage, preparation and cooking, cooling and re-heating, displaying products, handling products when serving customers, packaging, cleaning and sanitizing, pest control, transport and delivery. Also the causes of cross contamination. Catering for customers who are particularly at risk of food-borne illness, including allergies and intolerance. Correct cleaning and sanitizing procedures, cleaning products and their correct use, and the storage of cleaning items such as brushes, mops and cloths. Personal hygiene, hand washing, illness, and protective clothing. People responsible for serving unsafe food can be liable for heavy fines under this new legislation, consumers are pleased that industry will be forced to take food safety seriously. China[edit]Main article: Food safety in the People’s Republic of China Food safety is a growing concern in Chinese agriculture. The Chinese government oversees agricultural production as well as the manufacture of food packaging, containers, chemical additives, drug production, and business regulation. In recent years, the Chinese government attempted to consolidate food regulation with the creation of the State Food and Drug Administration in 2003, and officials have also been under increasing public and international pressure to solve food safety problems. However, it appears that regulations are not well known by the trade. Labels used for â€Å"green† food, â€Å"organic† food and â€Å"pollution-free† food are not well recognized by traders and many are unclear about their meaning. A survey by the World Bank found that supermarket managers had difficulty in obtaining produce that met safety requirements and found that a high percentage of produce did not comply with established standards. [6] Traditional marketing systems, whether in China or the rest of Asia, presently provide little motivation or incentive for individual farmers to make improvements to either quality or safety as their produce tends to get grouped together with standard products as it progresses through the marketing channel. Direct linkages between farmer groups and traders or ultimate buyers, such as supermarkets, can help avoid this problem. Governments need to improve the condition of many markets through upgrading management and reinvesting market fees in physical infrastructure. Wholesale markets need to investigate the feasibility of developing separate sections to handle fruits and vegetables that meet defined safety and quality standards. [7] European Union[edit]The parliament of the European Union (EU) makes legislation in the form of directives and regulations, many of which are mandatory for member states and which therefore must be incorporated into individual countries’ national legislation. As a very large organisation that exists to remove barriers to trade between member states, and into which individual member states have only a proportional influence, the outcome is often seen as an excessively bureaucratic ‘one size fits all’ approach. However, in relation to food safety the tendency to err on the side of maximum protection for the consumer may be seen as a positive benefit. The EU parliament is informed on food safety matters by the European Food Safety Authority. Individual member states may also have other legislation and controls in respect of food safety, provided that they do not prevent trade with other states, and can differ considerably in their internal structures and approaches to the regulatory control of food safety. France[edit]Agence nationale de securite sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (anses) is a French governmental agency dealing with food safety. Germany[edit]The Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer. Protection (BMELV)[8] is a Federal Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. History: Founded as Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Foresting in 1949, this name did not change until 2001. Then the name changed to Federal Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture. At the 22nd of November 2005, the name got changed again to its current state: Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. The reason for this last change was that all the resorts should get equal ranking which was achieved by sorting the resorts alphabetically. Vision: A balanced and healthy diet with safe food, distinct consumer rights and consumer information for various areas of life, and a strong and sustainable agriculture as well as perspectives for our rural areas are important goals of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV). The Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety is under the control of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. It exercises several duties, with which it contributes to safer food and thereby intensifies health-based consumer protection in Germany. Food can be manufactured and sold within Germany without a special permission, as long as it does not cause any damage on consumers’ health and meets the general standards set by the legislation. However, manufacturers, carriers, importers and retailers are responsible for the food they pass into circulation. They are obliged to ensure and document the safety and quality of their food with the use of in-house control mechanisms. Hong Kong[edit]In Hong Kong SAR, the Centre for Food Safety is in charge of ensuring food sold is safe and fit for consumption. India[edit]Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, is the regulating body related to food safety and laying down of standards of food in India. New Zealand[edit]See also: Food safety in New Zealand The New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA), or Te Pou Oranga Kai O Aotearoa is the New Zealand government body responsible for food safety. NZFSA is also the controlling authority for imports and exports of food and food-related products. The NZFSA as of 2012 is now a division of the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) and is no longer its own organization. Pakistan[edit]Pakistan does not have an integrated legal framework but has a set of laws, which deals with various aspects of food safety. These laws, despite the fact that they were enacted long time ago, have tremendous capacity to achieve at least minimum level of food safety. However, like many other laws, these laws remain very poorly enforced. There are four laws that specifically deal with food safety. Three of these laws directly focus issues related to food safety, while the fourth, the Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act, is indirectly relevant to food safety. The Pure Food Ordinance 1960 consolidates and amends the law in relation to the preparation and the sale of foods. All provinces and some northern areas have adopted this law with certain amendments. Its aim is to ensure purity of food being supplied to people in the market and, therefore, provides for preventing adulteration. The Pure Food Ordinance 1960 does not apply to cantonment areas. There is a separate law for cantonments called â€Å"The Cantonment Pure Food Act, 1966†. There is no substantial difference between the Pure Food Ordinance 1960 and The Cantonment Pure Food Act. Even the rules of operation are very much similar. Pakistan Hotels and Restaurant Act, 1976 applies to all hotels and restaurants in Pakistan and seeks to control and regulate the rates and standard of service(s) by hotels and restaurants. In addition to other provisions, under section 22(2), the sale of food or beverages that are contaminated, not prepared hygienically or served in utensils that are not hygienic or clean is an offense. There are no express provisions for consumer complaints in the Pakistan Restaurants Act, 1976, Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 and Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act, 1996. The laws do not prevent citizens from lodging complaints with the concerned government officials; however, the consideration and handling of complaints is a matter of discretion of the officials. [9] South Korea[edit]Korea Food & Drug Administration[edit]Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA)[10] is working for food safety since 1945. It is part of the Government of South Korea. IOAS[11]-Organic Certification Bodies Registered in KFDA: â€Å"Organic† or related claims can be labelled on food products when organic certificates are considered as valid by KFDA. KFDA admits organic certificates which can be issued by 1) IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement) accredited certification bodies 2) Government accredited certification bodies – 328 bodies in 29 countries have been registered in KFDA. Food Import Report: According to Food Import Report,[12] it is supposed to report or register what you import. Competent authority is as follows: Product.

The Theory of Performance Essays

The Theory of Performance Essays The Theory of Performance Essay The Theory of Performance Essay Performance theory is the wide thought that non merely do we execute on phase. we perform the mundane life. With each state of affairs we face. we must take how to move consequently. Performance theory inquiries why we perform the manner we do in certain state of affairss. and which factors affect those public presentations. Richard Schechner. a professor of public presentation surveies has had a immense and profound impact on the academic theory of public presentation. It is of import to develop and joint theories refering how public presentations are generated. transmitted. received. and evaluated. In chase of these ends. Performance Studies is insistently intercultural. inter-generic. and inter-disciplinary. ( Schechner. 1995 ) This construct asserts the importance of different systems of transmutations. which vary greatly from civilization to civilization. and over historical periods and motions. In Performance Studies. Schechner asserts that Performing o nstage. executing in particular societal state of affairss ( public ceremonials. for illustration ) . and executing in mundane life are a continuum . ( Schechner. 2002. p. 143 ) We can’t argue that each and every one of us is a manner a performer’ as our battle in existent life and synergistic groups is frequently interchangeable from function drama. First. we must interrupt down the Performance Theory into more elaborate avenues of idea. Performance Theory can be broken down foremost into two classs ; the action facet. and the result facet. The action facet is what a group or person does in the public presentation state of affairs. Performance is what the organisation hires one to make. and do good. ( Campbell et al. . 1993 p. 40 ) The result facet is the consequence of the group’s or individual’s behaviour. Some believe that the result facet isn’t a portion of public presentation. so for time’s interest. this essay will concentrate more on the action facet of public presentation. Within the action facet of public presentation. public presentation theory can be looked at in a battalion of ways. It can be broken dow n further into ; task public presentation vs. contextual public presentation. passage public presentation vs. care public presentation. and besides three positions on public presentation ( single difference. situational. and public presentation relation positions ) . But these footings are of no usage if the significance is non understood. Undertaking public presentation is the †¦individuals proficiency with which they perform activities that contribute to the organisations technical core’ ( Sonnentag A ; Frese. 2002. pg. 4 ) An illustration of undertaking public presentation is a group of production line workers. They are given a undertaking and expected to execute that undertaking. Task public presentation focuses on the touchable consequences and efficiency with which the group performs. Contextual public presentation †¦refers to activities which do non lend to the technical core’ but which support the organisational. societal. and psychological environment in which organisational ends are pursued. ( Sonnentag A ; Frese. 2002. pg. 4 ) An illustration of contextual public presentation would be the squad leader on a production line doing certain that the morale of the group is up. It focuses chiefly on personality and motive. Though there is some convergence with the two footings. as a high degree contextual public presentation frequently consequences in high degree undertaking public presentation. they differ in a few ways. With task public presentation. activities relevant to the occupation vary between occupations. whereas with contextual public presentation. those activities stay comparatively consistent. Besides. undertaking public presentation is more an ascribed function. whereas contextual public presentation is the functions that are optional to the group. there isn’t a checklist of specificities for the functions. Now that the different types of public presentations have been discussed. it is of import that we take into consideration how clip plays a big function in public presentation. Both passage public presentation and care public presentation demo how the group performs during a certain period of clip within a occupation. Passage public presentation is how the persons of a group act during the get downing phases of a new occupation. During early stages of skill acquisition. public presentation relies mostly on controlled processing’†¦ ( Sonnentag A ; Frese. 2001 ) Therefore significance that the group is dependent on the sum of tools and cognition that the occupation has available. As the group becomes more comfy with their milieus. they move into the care phase of their public presentation. Though non every member of the group moves at the same gait. finally they will all make the care phase. Sonnentag states that. Later in the skill acquisition procedure. public presentation mostly relies on automatic processing. procedural cognition. and psychomotor abilities. ( Sonnentag A ; Frese. 2001 ) Therefore the longer they perform the same occupation. the less they rely on the tools and cognition of the organisation. They have gained plenty of their ain penetration to execute the occupation without assistance. It about becomes automatic for the group or the single to execute their given undertaking. After reading about the key footings within Performance Theory. it is of import that the assorted positions on what affects the group’s public presentation be discussed. There are three chief positions that have emerged from Performance Theory ; single differences position. situational position. and public presentation ordinance position. The single differences perspective takes a difficult expression at the individual’s personal features and how they affect non merely their ain public presentation. but the public presentation of the group ; features such as mental ability and personality. This position shows us that because each person has separate experiences and has different associations with different significances. no two persons will execute any given undertaking the same manner. Our sensitivity guides our public presentation. which means the group must happen common land with which they can construct coherence. This position claims the group or single with more experience or higher cognitive ability. the higher the public presentation quality. ( Sonnentag A ; Frese. 2001 ) The 2nd point of view is the situational position. This perspective focal points on the importance of the factors that influence public presentation that are beyond the power of the group. For illustration if there is a hostile environment the group’s public presentation will endure ; whereas if the work environment is without ill will. the public presentation of the group won’t be affected. Situational position efforts to happen the factors that improve the group’s public presentation. and the factors that impede the group’s public presentation. ( Sonnentag A ; Frese. 2001 ) Last. the 3rd position is the public presentation ordinance position. The public presentation ordinance position takes a different expression at single public presentation and is less interested in individual or situational forecasters of public presentation. ( Sonnentag A ; Frese. 2001 ) This point of view looks at how factors such as ; rules/regulations. intent. and consequence affect group and single public presentation. This perspective expressions at public presentation from both a procedure and structural point of position. The procedure point of position focal points on the consecutive facets of an action. while the structural point of position refers to its hierarchal organisation. ( Sonnentag A ; Frese. 2001 ) For case the procedure point of view shows the importance of the planning and organisation facets of the public presentation. and the structural point of view shows the importance of one’s power in their given place or public presentation. After looking into the theory of public presentation. it is of import to understand more to the full by manner of illustration. In each Small Group category we see illustrations of public presentation theory at work. For case as we began the category. we were in the passage stage. This was evident when during the first category we weren’t given any direction as to how the category ought to develop. and we were shortly overwhelmed with confusion. This confusion came approximately because before so. we had been programmed to depend on the new information and tools given to us by those in authorization. which passage public presentation relies on. The consequence of non holding those tools pushed us to turn into the care side of public presentation before we had entree to our ain organic structure of cognition about the category. Another illustration of public presentation theory is illustrated in the public presentation of a group of histrions. Each dark they go on phase and must execute for a new audience. These situational factors affect how the group performs. On a more single graduated table. public presentation was affected by which household members were in the audience. The persons put more attempt into their public presentations when they knew that person of import was watching them. The whole group was affected when the situational factors changed from who is in the audience’ . to how many people are in the audience’ . Because the attending of one show was less than another. the group’s public presentation suffered because they lacked motive and feedback from the audience. Though the on-stage’ is what we think of when we hear the word performance’ . we must besides recognize that we besides perform throughout the twenty-four hours as we are exposed to a spectrum of different cases. Because we are societal existences we mold into when we find necessary at any given clip. Performing in mundane life involves people in a broad scope of activities from solo or confidant public presentations behind closed doors to little group activities to interacting as portion of a crowd. ’ ( Schechner. Performance Studies: An Introduction. 2002 ) In executing. we must understand why we do the things we do. and what affect they have. Besides we must farther delve into the person. situational and regulative factors that affect the quality with which groups and persons perform. So though we frequently don’t take the clip to see how we perform daily. we must retrieve that. the public presentation facet of ordinary behavior is less obvious. but non absent’ . ( Schechner. Performance Studies: An Introduction. 2002 ) November 26. 2012 Bibliography Campbell. J. . McIlroy. R. . Oppler. S. . A ; Sager. C. ( 1993 ) . A Theory of Performance. In E. Schmitt. Personnel Selection in Organizations ( pp. 35-70 ) . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Schechner. R. ( 1995 ) . Performance Studies Textbook. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Schechner. R. ( 2002 ) . Performance Studies: An Introduction. Routledge. Sonnentag. S. . A ; Frese. M. ( 2001 ) . Performance Concepts and Performance Theory. University of Konstanz ; University of Giessen.

Globalization Human Resource Management in Middle East essays

Globalization Human Resource Management in Middle East essays Globalization is an umbrella term for a complex series of economic, social technological, cultural and political changes seen as increasing interdependence, integration and interaction between people and companies in disparate locations.1 The most characteristic feature of globalization is that it can influence any process or phenomenon in any part of the world. Rapid development of international trade and growing concernment of information transfer have made even most conservative countries follow the rules of global processes. Human resource management (HRM) is one of those phenomenons that possess property to change under the influence of globalization. HRM is both an academic theory and a business practice. It is based on the notion that employees are firstly human, and secondly should not be treated as a basic business resource. HRM is also seen as an understanding of the human aspect of a company and its strategic importance2. According to this approach employee has an ability not only to perform his professional duties but also to prove himself in other activity that can bring profit for the company. This way employee has a sensation of being an important part of the company and gives the best return through his work. Global human resource management provides an organized framework for developing and managing people who are comfortable with the strategic and operational paradoxes embedded in global organizations and who are capable of managing cultural diversity3. There are two main types of problems that can appear in global form of HRM. The first one concerns the system of choosing, training and paying those employees whose work is connected with communication with different cultures and who make business trips too often. The second one consists in differences between legislation system, labor relations etc. in different counties. As a result international companies should adopt their management to specific conditions...

35 Common Prefixes in English

35 Common Prefixes in English If you were a prefix, you could change the same word in different ways.You could make a cycle a unicycle, a bicycle, or a tricycle.(Marcie Aboff and Sara Gray,  If You Were a Prefix. Picture Window Books, 2008) A prefix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the beginning of a word  (or word root) that partly indicates its meaning. For example, the word prefix itself begins with the prefix pre-, which generally means before or in front of. (By contrast, a letter or group of letters attaching to the end of a word is called a suffix.)   Many of todays English words contain prefixes from Greek or Latin. Understanding the meanings of the most common prefixes can help us deduce the definition of new words that we run across in our reading, especially knowing that they can make a word mean its opposite, such as the difference between possible and impossible.Still, we do need to be careful.  The same prefix may be ​spelled in more than one way (pre- and pro-, for instance), and some prefixes (such as in-) have more than one meaning (in this case, not or without versus in or into). Even so, being able to recognize prefixes can help us build our vocabularies.   To Hyphenate or Not? Rules vary as to when a word should have a hyphen separating it from  its prefix. Go by the dictionary if you are unsure. If you are writing a paper for a class and a particular style guide is used, such as MLA, the Chicago Manual of Style, or APA, the stylebook may have a hyphenation guide or a preferred dictionary to follow for which words to hyphenate and which to close up. If a prefix is attached to a proper noun, you generally hyphenate, such as pre-World War II or anti-American.   The following table  defines and illustrates 35 common prefixes.   Common Prefixes Prefix Meaning Examples a-, an- without, lack of, not amoral, acellular, abyss, achromatic, anhydrous ante- before, earlier, in front of antecedent, antedate, antemeridian, anterior anti- against, opposite of anticlimax. antiaircraft, antiseptic, antibody auto- self, same autopilot, autobiography, automobile, autofocus circum- around, about circumvent, circumnavigate, circumscribe co- with, together co-pilot, co-worker, co-exist, co-author com-, con- together, with companion, commingle, contact, concentrate contra-, contro- against, opposite contradict, contrast, contrary, controversy de- down, off, away from devalue, deactivate, debug, degrade, deduce dis- not, apart, away disappear, disagreeable, disbar, dissect en- put into, cover with enclose, entangle, enslave, encase ex- out of, from, former extract, exhale, excavate, ex-president extra- beyond, outside, more than extracurricular, extramarital, extravagant hetero- different, other heterosexual, heterodox, heterogeneous homo-, homeo- same, alike homonym, homophone, homeostasis, homosexual hyper- over, more, beyond hyperactive, hypersensitive, hypercritical il-, im-, in-, ir- not, without illegal, immoral, inconsiderate, irresponsible in- in, into insert, inspection, infiltrate inter- between, among intersect, interstellar, intervene, interpenetrate intra-, intro- within, inside intravenous, intragalactic, introvert macro- large, prominent macroeconomics, macrostructure, macrocosm micro- very small microscope, microcosm, microbe mono- one, single, alone monocle, monologue, monogamy, monotony non- not, without nonentity, nonaggressive, nonessential, nonfiction omni- all, every omniscient, omnivorous, omniscient, omnidirectional post- after, behind postmortem, posterior, postscript, postoperative pre-, pro- before, forward precede, predict, project, prologue sub- under, lower submarine, subsidiary, substandard sym-, syn- same time, together symmetry, symposium, synchronize, synapse tele- from or over a distance telecommunications, telemedicine, television, telephone trans- across, beyond, through transmit, transaction, translation, transfer tri- three, every third tricycle, trimester, triangle, triathlon un- not, lacking, opposite of unfinished, unskilled, ungraceful, unfriendly uni- one, single unicorn, unicellular, unicycle, unilateral up- to the top or north, higher/better upbeat, updo, upgrade, upload, uphill, upstage, upscale, up-tempo

Chautauquas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chautauquas - Essay Example Dilaura explains that note taking process involves writing notes that supplement the lecture notes that will enable effective mastering of the subject under study. Note taking starts by listening and seeing, the art of listening requires that one be active in judging, evaluating and relating the issues being presented. Listening intently enables one to gather the main points that give meaning to the information being provided. Recording of this information is the next step in taking notes. These notes are study aids and therefore they can be graphs, drawings, sketches that illustrate points presented in the lecture (Dilaura 28). A look into the lecture notes after the class is over allows one to fill in the details that are vital in understanding the concepts presented by the lecturer. Formulating questions that aid in the study is the next step of note taking. The questions, drawings, graphs will provide the student with an easier task when going through the notes (Dilaura 33). This also allows one to have knowledge of the areas that may not be clear therefore allowing one to approach their lecturers for assistance. In not taking the key ideas should be separated from the supporting explanations such as drawings, graphs, equations. This is by providing a space between key ideas for these annotations. COA1011 is a course that I find to be the most interesting of all lectures I have attended. This is because it is an engaging course. Apart from providing an understanding of the world of design this course allows one to feed their curiosity by providing students with the chance to air their ideas. It provides an environment for challenging one another in the process of re-inventing the existing ideas. The course encourages aspiring architectures to be critical when making inquiries, when making observations as well as when putting their ideas into creations. Being a supervised

International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International law - Essay Example Despite existence of the political, global and territorial differences the whole world is considered as a global village and such concept mainly enhances the idea of universal brotherhood. At the same time in the context of trade, cultural intercourse, the idea of globalization plays a major part. In this context it needs mentioning that no matter how much the globalization aspect seems positive and flawless but at the same time it includes several lacunas. In this global society also the superior nations are finding an opportunity to show their aggression, to inflict oppressive approaches towards the other nations, their people and their economy. The rate of crime has also increased to a great extent and most of the criminal, after committing the criminal deeds flee to other nations to seek shelter. As administrative system of a particular nation does not have the power to exercise the hold over other jurisdictions, the fear of being caught is reduced to a great extent for those cri minals. At the same time economic aggression is also taking a brutal shape. According to modern international treaties in the post World War II situation it has not been possible for the nations to exaggerate the power of politics to express their imperialistic mentality. Thus, those nations have adopted the procedure of economic aggression through which a superior nation can enjoy economic hold over the other nation through trade relationship. Thus, the importance has also been realized by legal scholars that there must be some kind of restraints that prevent one nation to become havoc over the other. These are some of the typical situation; rather problems at the international level that generated the emergence of this new discipline of legal jurisdiction: International Law. Legal and scholars of jurisprudence have attempted to provide definition of the International Law in different

Business process modling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business process modling - Essay Example This report will detail the business process modeling exercise involved in invoicing as pertains to the SAP system. Based on the SAP system, the invoice modeling process has ten key stages. It starts with the reception of the invoice followed by confirmation of receipt. The confirmation phase revolves around making an official request for verification to the relevant authorities. Once confirmation has been received, the invoice is sorted and then reviewed for compliance. The next stage entails validating the vendors who sent the invoice. Validation is necessary to ensure that payment is not made to fraudulent vendors and the business does not lose money in the process. After this, the invoice is validated, the due payment is processed, and the invoice is archived for future reference. Archiving the invoice is vital for purposes of recordkeeping. The body of this report will be based on two concepts: governance structure and business process modeling. This will be followed by a conclusion that comprehensively summarizes the main points discussed in the report and the potential implications on the subject of study. The first group meeting was convened on 2nd May 2015 at around 2:30 pm. The venue of the meeting was on the fourth floor of the library at GP. Despite the delays, the team went ahead to start on the assignment as per the discussions. The main agenda of the meeting was on business process modelling. The members worked hard enough for the success of the group. Every team member took the assigned duty with enthusiasm. The assigned roles to the members were covered elaborately. The tasks carried out by the group extended as discussed. First, the governing structure, covered by Sammie Wa’ahero, entailed the process of the architecture of the SSP and the modelling conventions. The process architecture, as described by Sammie, is where the direct invoice process precisely positioned. The

Lease Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lease Review - Assignment Example These clauses will be discussed and possible remedies for change given. One problem that may arise from the lease agreement has to do with the no pets allowed clause. This is because I own a pet that I have owned for a long time and which is a family favourite as it helps an autistic cousin who lives with us. Two types of laws, which would provide a tenant with the right to keep their pets where there is a provision against pets like this exist. One of them is local or municipal law, which holds that provisions against keeping pets are waived if the tenant keeps a pet and the landlord does not enforce the said no pet’s provision in the first 3 months in which the tenant is openly and notoriously keeping the pet in their house (Garner & Frith 38). In addition, local laws and federal laws will also allow a tenant to keep pets even where the landlord has expressly insisted on no pets allowed. Those laws prohibit discrimination against disabled people, mandating the landlord to gr ant tenants reasonable accommodation that is required for disabled persons to enjoy and use their new home (Garner & Frith 38). These laws should be used to correct the lease agreement to allow me to keep pets where there is opposition even from fellow neighbours who obey their lease agreement. While the landlord may be within his rights, these prohibitions are overridden by superseding laws. Another problem that may arise from the lease agreement is the access to the house by the landlord. While this would not be such a problem in other circumstances, keeping a pet in the house for the first three months to prevent its removal will be compromised by the landlord coming into the house when he wishes. There are very many variables to the in the definition of what reasonable access for the landlord is. What can be considered reasonable will be dependent on each individual circumstance. Standard terms will give the basis on which the correction to the lease agreement will be made (Garn er & Frith 49). These terms contend that landlords cannot access the house before 8 in the morning and after 6 in the evening, on public holidays, and on Sundays. Since the pet dog is usually in the house during these periods, the lease agreement can be changed. In addition, it can be corrected by insisting the lease agreement includes a clause that entry can only be granted where the tenant consents, there are issues of safety and health, and where urgent repairs are required during these periods. The lease agreement could also include a clause that does not allow the landlord to interfere with the tenant’s reasonable peace, privacy, or comfort (Garner & Frith 50). This will place a restriction on access the landlord may be entitled to. While the tenant is required by law to allow the landlord some access, this access may at times be in breach of the discussed clause, which the tenant is allowed to refuse. The third problem that arises from the lease agreement entails the cl ause on indemnity regarding use of premises. The problem could arise where fellow neighbors cause damages or children cause damage to neighbors’ properties together with other children living in the leased property. To ensure that this is corrected in the lease, the indemnity can be changed so that it is in the form of cross-indemnity, rather than just one way from tenant to landlord so as to

Legal studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal studies - Essay Example Law provides a basis for the details of day to day life like contract of sale whenever we indulge in sales and current affairs like governmental proceedings and regulations etc. Chesterman and Rhoden stated that many students opted legal studies because they are attracted to understand the forces that shape the society and others would like to enjoy the thought of getting their hands on those forces (3). Law has wide influence on our social life and this is a reason why many students choose Law schools and Law colleges. Garth and Sarat argued that Law has more pervasive influence in structuring society and Law can be seen as a way of organizing the world into categories and concepts (2). Legal studies and gaining a graduation in Law has been considered to be a respectful education level. Students who choose Legal studies perceive Law as a useful tool for justice and same time they see Law as a respectful and rewarding career opportunity. A society with diverse aspects and concepts will flourish only if the society members respect different opinions and if they are wise to think of mutual commitments to public discourse for solving conflicts and disagreements. The current situations of global business and modern economic complexities require that Law is always a matter of concern. International trade laws, intellectual property laws, human rights laws and so on form part of fundamental legal establishments that play vital role in today’s business world. In order to meet the requirements and make use of growing opportunities, ‘Legal studies’ thus has become one of the most significant requirements of the time. Learning Law requires mental skirmish at Law schools and law colleges. Many students find it difficult and same time many enjoy this mental skirmish. In learning Law, it is inevitable to extract conclusions from various legal cases and incidents and to understand the reasons for the rules.

Lease Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lease Review - Assignment Example These clauses will be discussed and possible remedies for change given. One problem that may arise from the lease agreement has to do with the no pets allowed clause. This is because I own a pet that I have owned for a long time and which is a family favourite as it helps an autistic cousin who lives with us. Two types of laws, which would provide a tenant with the right to keep their pets where there is a provision against pets like this exist. One of them is local or municipal law, which holds that provisions against keeping pets are waived if the tenant keeps a pet and the landlord does not enforce the said no pet’s provision in the first 3 months in which the tenant is openly and notoriously keeping the pet in their house (Garner & Frith 38). In addition, local laws and federal laws will also allow a tenant to keep pets even where the landlord has expressly insisted on no pets allowed. Those laws prohibit discrimination against disabled people, mandating the landlord to gr ant tenants reasonable accommodation that is required for disabled persons to enjoy and use their new home (Garner & Frith 38). These laws should be used to correct the lease agreement to allow me to keep pets where there is opposition even from fellow neighbours who obey their lease agreement. While the landlord may be within his rights, these prohibitions are overridden by superseding laws. Another problem that may arise from the lease agreement is the access to the house by the landlord. While this would not be such a problem in other circumstances, keeping a pet in the house for the first three months to prevent its removal will be compromised by the landlord coming into the house when he wishes. There are very many variables to the in the definition of what reasonable access for the landlord is. What can be considered reasonable will be dependent on each individual circumstance. Standard terms will give the basis on which the correction to the lease agreement will be made (Garn er & Frith 49). These terms contend that landlords cannot access the house before 8 in the morning and after 6 in the evening, on public holidays, and on Sundays. Since the pet dog is usually in the house during these periods, the lease agreement can be changed. In addition, it can be corrected by insisting the lease agreement includes a clause that entry can only be granted where the tenant consents, there are issues of safety and health, and where urgent repairs are required during these periods. The lease agreement could also include a clause that does not allow the landlord to interfere with the tenant’s reasonable peace, privacy, or comfort (Garner & Frith 50). This will place a restriction on access the landlord may be entitled to. While the tenant is required by law to allow the landlord some access, this access may at times be in breach of the discussed clause, which the tenant is allowed to refuse. The third problem that arises from the lease agreement entails the cl ause on indemnity regarding use of premises. The problem could arise where fellow neighbors cause damages or children cause damage to neighbors’ properties together with other children living in the leased property. To ensure that this is corrected in the lease, the indemnity can be changed so that it is in the form of cross-indemnity, rather than just one way from tenant to landlord so as to

The Crucible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Crucible - Essay Example Elizabeth loves him since he stood her husband, they had together shared their lives, and they bore children together. Abigail loves him for lust. She only desires him because she recognizes she cannot have him. The both characters might be in deep love with John, but for extremely different reasons (Arthur Miller 45). They both also remain the same for the fact that they are both liars. Yet again, this time they possess different motives for their lies. Elizabeth lies to safeguard John. She could save herself by just saying he cheated, but she took not to do so. Abigail lies for the purpose of getting what she desires. She lies about Elizabeth of participating in witchcraft so she can obtain John Proctor. Additionally, lying is among the greatest sins in Puritan religion (Arthur Miller 78). In conclusion, Abigail and Elizabeth had extremely different character roles. They had some alike qualities, but with different purposes. They both truly loved John Proctor and also both lairs. On the contrary, Abigail was selfish, not honest to her religion, and vengeful, where else Elizabeth was religious, selfless, and

A Proposal to Research the Liquid Remains After Resomation Essay Example for Free

A Proposal to Research the Liquid Remains After Resomation Essay Resomation is an alternative to cremation that helps the funeral industry and cuts down mercury emissions. The new technique of disposing a corpse is still not welcomed into potential clients mind frame do to the lack of information on the left over liquid once resomation is completed. I propose more research to be done on the liquid left behind and that the data collected to be shared with the general public. The research will be conducted within two years and six months with the result being a press release of our findings. I am asking for 1,388,800 dollars to fund this research and two years and six months to complete the project. With our findings clientele will be more aware of resomation and the components of the liquid that remains after completion. Introduction Cremation accounts for 34.34 percent of all corpse disposal in the United States in 2006 and is expected to rise to 58.85 percent by 2025 (CANA, 2008). Unfortunately, in the process of cremation, there are considerable amounts of mercury emissions into the atmosphere. Approximately 320 pounds of mercury is released by U.S. crematoriums each year (Reindl, 2008). Because of the high levels of mercury dispersed by U.S. crematoriums it is necessary for more research to be done on resomation as an alternative to cremation. This document is proposing more research to be done on resomation’s environmental aspects after the resomation process. This proposal will include the following information. The background on cremation, mercury and resomation will be covered, followed by my qualifications and project description. Background Since the 1870’s cremation has been a means of disposing a human body in the United States. However, cremation only accounted for 5 percent of all dispositions until 1972 when the market started to gain popularity (Davis and Mates, Page 102). As stated in the introduction, in 2006 cremation accounted for 34.34 percent of all dispositions and is expected to increase to 58.85 percent by 2025 (CANA, 2008). With the interest in cremation growing, so is the concern of mercury emissions due to the dental fillings of the deceased during cremation. The dental work has been accounting for approximately 320 pounds of mercury into the atmosphere. The amount of mercury emitted is estimated to rise even higher as more families are choosing cremation (Reindle, 2008). There are many questions regarding how to handle the mercury situation respectfully, safely and environmentally. Resomation is a new technique being used in 6 states in the U.S.(ABC News, 2011). The new process is beneficial to the funeral industry because of its fuel efficiency (Resomation LTD). This new technique can help the funeral industry make more profit along with reducing mercury emissions, that is if potential consumers choose resomation. Resomation still sets potential consumers ill at ease. The potential clientele are still hesitant to use the new method of disposition because of the liquids leftover after the process is finished (NYTimes). Some fear that the liquids are harmful for the environment because there have been few studies on the topic. The problem is potential clientele are reluctant to use resomation for fear that the liquid could be detrimental to the environment and to themselves (TIME). Research needs to be done so that there is more information for the general public about resomation. With this information available potential consumers will choose resomation over cremation. Qualifications I am a junior in the College of Public Health and Human Sciences at Oregon state University, majoring in Human Development and Family Sciences with a minor in Biology. I have taken several classes related to chemical compounds, environmental studies and the human body. These courses will aid me in gathering research along with other scientists on my team. Leadership and organization are traits I posses and have shown in my previous work experiences. In my experience as a funeral directors assistant I was able to converse with families about the reasons they decided to not choose resomation. From my conversations with them I found that the overall concern was due to the liquefying process. Because of this experience in my life I feel like I can understand the concern of the general public. Project Description The purpose of this proposal is to conduct research revolving around the remaining liquid after the resomation process is completed. The results found in the research will give us information on whether the remaining liquid is environmentally safe or unsafe. Objectives In our research I will achieve the following goals: * Determine the exact chemical makeup of the remaining liquid left after resomation has taken place. * Determine if the liquid is environmentally safe. * Complete a press release on the findings. Methodology My plan for achieving the goals discussed in the previous section is by testing the liquid of donated human corpses after resomation has taken place. We plan on using 150 donated corpses to conduct the research study. Once the bodies have been resomated we will collect five samples of the liquid remains to be tested later on in the study. Testing the liquid will be done by using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Mass spectrometry is a technique used for separating and identifying molecules based on mass. This technique will help determine the molecules in the liquid and will be able to identify if any of the deceased DNA is present (Genetics, 2003). Nuclear magnetic resonance is used to determine the structure of new natural and synthetic compounds, the purity of send compounds and its chemical reaction with the other compounds in the solution (Medical Discoveries, 1997). These two tools are able to determine chemical structures so that an accurate description of the liquids makeup can be found. With these instruments at hand we can determine the chemical compounds of the liquid down to its basic chemical elements. Once we have the chemical make-up of the liquid, we will begin to start looking at their reactions to the environment and if it is harmful. When it is determined that the material contained in the liquid is harmful or not harmful, we will begin work on a journal article that states our findings. After the journal article is finished we will create a press release so that our findings can be made known to the media. To respect the families of those who donated their bodies, we wish to return the ashes to them. This will not be a great cost to the project for it is just sending the remains to their family’s homes. Evaluation Tracking the experiments progress will be done by having the scientists and graduate students participating in the study keep journals of their progress each day. This way of tracking will help determine if we are moving at a slower or faster pace than what we are scheduled. Check points throughout the study will also be a way to evaluate our progress. An example of a check point would be to have all the samples of the remaining liquid collected by October of 2012. These check points will help the study stay on track and also give us small goals to achieve throughout the process. Determining if the project is successful or unsuccessful relies on if we can determine the chemicals present in the liquid. The success is not necessarily determined by if the liquids are environmentally safe. Whether our findings say it safe or unsafe we will be learning more about resomation which is a success because little is known about the process. Schedule The set schedule for the entire project is two years and six months, starting January of 2012. I will need seven months to find a location for the project to take place and for the equipment to be installed. Also within those seven months I intend to employ six graduate students and three scientists to work alongside me. After the completion of the seven months we will begin on the process of disposing of the donated bodies and taking samples of the remaining liquid. The course of disposing of the 150 human bodies will be given three months for completion, October of 2012. After all the samples are collected we will begin on using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance to determine the chemical compounds of the liquid. This part of the study must be completed by March of 2013. Once the data is collect from the samples we will need two months to determine if the compounds are environmentally friendly, May 2013. By the June of 2013 we will begin work on a journal article and have it completed by July of 2014. After the article is finished we will have a press release on our findings. The press release should be completed by August of 2014 and sent into the public. Budget The budget for this project is broken down as follows. * 400,000 dollars for a resomation chamber (Resomation Ltd.) * 68,800 dollars for a mass spectrometer (Labx) * 20,000 dollars for a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (Labx) * 800,000 dollars for employment of workers * 150,000 dollars for facility coverage for two years and six months * 100,000 for lab equipment I need 1,388,800 dollars to complete this project. I will need 538,800 dollars immediately to begin purchasing the equipment and securing a location. The rest of the 850,000 can be given in increments throughout the course of the project. Conclusion More research needs to be done on resomation so that more information is available to potential clientele. With this research I plan to determine the exact chemical makeup of the remaining liquid left after resomation has taken place and its environmental risks. After the project is complete, a press release will be created to inform the general public of our findings. With this association’s involvement in our research we can increase the use of resomation by the potential clientele. Resomation will financially benefit the funeral industry overtime more so than cremation (Rindle, 2008). The process of resomation is more cost effective for the funeral industry than cremation because it uses fewer resources, such as fuel. Not only does resomation help this association, but it also helps cut down on mercury emissions caused by cremation. With your financing of my project, potential clientele will begin to choose resomation over cremation. This new process will be benefitting both the National Funeral Directors Association and the environment. Works Cited Aquamation, a Form of Cremation: Better for the Environment? TIME. Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews TIME.com. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2022206,00.html. About CANA. Cremation Association of North America (CANA). Cremation Association of North America, 2000. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. http://www.cremationassociation.org/?page=AboutCANA. Davies, Douglas James., and Lewis H. Mates. CANA. Encyclopedia of Cremation. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2005. Print. Klotz, Irene. Resomation Green Alternative to Cremation or Burial After Funeral, to Be Offered in Florida ABC News. ABCNews.com: Daily News, Breaking News and Video Broadcasts ABC News. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/resomation-green-alternative-cremation-burial-funeral-offered-florida/story?id=14457825. Konigsberg, Ruth Davis. Resomation NYTimes.com. The New York Times Breaking News, World News Multimedia. 13 Dec. 2009. Web. 02 Dec. 2 011. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E1DD1E39F930A25751C1A96F9C8B63. NMR Systems, New and Used NMR Spectrometers For Sale. LabX New and Used Laboratory Equipment For Sale, Auctions, Wanted. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. http://www.labx.com/v2/newad.cfm?catid=18. Reindl, John. Summary of References on Mercury Emissions from Crematoria. Tech. 2008. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. http://www.ejnet.org/crematoria/reindl.pdf. Robinson, Richard. Mass Spectrometry. Genetics. 2003. Encyclopedia.com. 2 Dec. 2011 http://www.encyclopedia.com. The Resomation Process. Resomation Home. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. http://www.resomation.com/index_files/Page347.htm. X-ray Crystallography. Medical Discoveries. 1997. Encyclopedia.com. 2 Dec. 2011 http://www.encyclopedia.com. Bibliography About CANA. Cremation Association of North America (CANA). Cremation Association of North America, 2000. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. http://www.cremationassociation.org/?page=AboutCANA. Age Data. Census Bureau Home Page. 2010. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/age/general-age.html. Ashes to Ashes: Comparative Law regarding Survivors Disputes concerning Cremation and Cremated Remains. Oregon State University Libraries. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. http://mw8xt6bj7r.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004. Aquamation, a Form of Cremation: Better for the Environment? TIME. Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews TIME.com. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2022206,00.html. Davies, Douglas James., and Lewis H. Mates. CANA. Encyclopedia of Cremation. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2005. Print. Exit Strategies; Green Funerals. The Economist (US) 18 Sept. 2010. Print. Klotz, Irene. Resomation Green Alterna tive to Cremation or Burial After Funeral, to Be Offered in Florida ABC News. ABCNews.com: Daily News, Breaking News and Video Broadcasts ABC News. Web. 02 Dec. 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/resomation-green-alternative-cremation-burial-funeral-offered-florida/story?id=14457825.

Joint Commission On Accreditation Of Healthcare Organizations

Joint Commission On Accreditation Of Healthcare Organizations The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations  or the JCAHO is the board responsible for making the standards for the clinical engineering programs. In addition, JCAHO is a non-profit and an independent organization (Subhan, 2007). In addition, JCAHO is the national accrediting group health care delivery organizations such as hospitals. For instance, hospitals would ask JCAHO to evaluate their facility. There are of course charged a fee. As accreditation is not automatically renewed, there is a required full accreditation survey at least every three years (Bandy, 2004). Founded in 1951, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations actually officially changed its name in 2007 to The Joint Commission, while its mission is unchanged. The author thus remains to use JCAHO when referring to this JC. This Joint Commission accredits and certifies health care organizations such as laboratories, hospitals, long term care facilities, and small ambulatory practices with the objective of ensuring patient protection and outcomes. The JC visits organizations every three years, assessing performance ranging from patient care to record keeping and from infection control to leadership, and the methodical official approval procedure is charitable, while it confers a typical of customer assurance. Also, JCAHO is an organization that makes the standards for healthcare organizations and issues accreditation to organizations that meet those standards.   The organization makes intervallic surveys on-site in order to verify that accredited organizations comply with the Joint Commission standards. Also, it is to improve the care and services. Standards given by JCAHO attend to an organizations performance in input functional areas (Practice Greenhealth). A number of the standards address environmental issues as a lot of the environmentally related Elements of Performance fall under the Environment of Care or the EC standard. However, others are incorporated in the Leadership and Human Resources standards. This Guide relates each JCAHO Element of Performance to specific federal regulations, to help facilities be in compliance with both. The Guide also suggests steps that facilities can take to encourage environmental performance improvements.   A comprehensive environmental program, including waste minimization and pollution prevention initiatives, can not only ensure compliance, but can also help reduce the costs of compliance (Practice Greenhealth). JCAHO is now monitoring how well the countrys healthcare organizations treatment, assessment, and management of pain. JCAHO surveyors had been assessing compliance since 2001 as was said by the end-of-life coalition Last Acts since the new pain management standards are included in the manual standards of 2000 to 20001. In line of this, doctors and nurses would now be expected to treat the patients pain and continue to assess treatment during and even after their hospitalization, while patients will be asked about pain and its intensity, sometimes by rating it on a zero to 10 scale under the JCAHO standards (Fryling, 2001). According to Carole Patterson MN, RN, director of the Standards Interpretation Unit of JCAHO these standards recognize that pain is a condition that needs explicit attention because data presents that pain at the end of life and surgical pain has not been well-managed in the past. Thus, the standards should have a major force on pain management for patients. Patterson told Last Acts that these standards should convey that pain should be monitored with the same vigilance as blood pressure, pulse, temperature and respiratory rate, according to an article titled. (Fryling, 2001). How does JCAHO affect the healthcare system? JCAHO in 2004 began using Shared Visions-New Pathways, a new accreditation process. Therefore, starting last 2006 surveys on accreditation should be conducted in an unannounced basis. This Shared VisionsNew Pathways? is that health care organizations are dedicated to providing high quality and safe healthcare. In line of this, JCAHO, share the vision, and thus, providing a process to support a health care organizations quality and safety efforts by their accreditation. This also presents a new set of approaches to the accreditation process that will support the shared visions (Bandy, 2004). In addition, this JCAHO: identifies priority focus areas (PFAs) for each hospital based on a combination of the PFP, on which surveyors initially will focus during the initial part of the on-site survey, and on systems and processes that are relevant to patient safety and health care quality. For example, systems and process include such things as assessment and care, medication management, credentialing, equipment use, infection control, etc. Information management is one of the PFAs (Bandy, 2004). JCAHO looks upon the tracer methodology as a mode to provide education to the group leaders and staff. The new processes are available on the JCAHO site via videos, and under this new decision process, every standard is judged either compliant or not compliant based on the scoring of the EPs (Bandy, 2004). The Agency Carrying its Duties: Cases One example of the JCAHO doing its job is the Medical Equipment Standards they created. There are two main JCAHO medical equipment standards-EC.6.10 and EC.6.20-are in the Management of the Environment of Care (EC) chapter. Each JCAHO standard is divided into requirements called elements of performance (EP). EC.6.10 has eight EPs, which are discussed individually below. First is the Medical Equipment Management Plan. This EP says that the hospital must have a written plan. This plan should provide an overview of how the equipment is managed at the hospital. Also, it should describe the processes for managing the safe, effective, and reliable operation of medical equipment. Hence, it is not simply a recitation of the medical equipment standards. It should also be a link between the JCAHO medical equipment-related standards and the function of managing medical equipment at the hospital. Second is the Selection and Acquisition of Medical Equipment. Such EP requires the hospital to describe its manner of selecting new equipments. Process of acquiring includes evaluating the medical equipment for clinical effectiveness, patient safety, and human factors before final selection as this should include needs selection criteria, comparative evaluations, assessment, and a life-cycle cost analysis. Third is the Inclusion of Risk Criteria. This EP gives the hospital a choice to either include all of the equipment in the program, or to select certain types of equipment to be included in the program based on equipment function; physical risks with use; and incident history, which are called inclusion or risk criteria. Fourth is the Maintenance Strategies, an EP that requires the appropriate selection of maintenance strategies for all of the equipment in ones medical equipment management plan inventory. These are listed in the JCAHO standards include predictive maintenance (using the concepts of reliability-centered maintenance), interval-based inspections, corrective maintenance (that is, repair or replace if defective), and metered maintenance (hours of run time or number of images processed, for example) (Subhan, 2007). Fifth is the Maintenance Intervals, an EP which necessitates the hospital to define appropriate maintenance intervals for their equipment based on manufacturers recommendations and the organizational experience. JCAHO in 2001 removed the annual performance and safety testing requirement for medical equipment, and this transformation was the sign of the admission that the safety and reliability of medical equipment has improved significantly at present. (Subhan, 2007) While sixth is the Hazard Notices and Recalls, and this EP requires the hospital to be able to set up a process for monitoring  and acting on hazard notices and also recalls that pertain to their medical equipment. The process would include reviewing and acting on recalls and alerts from the manufacturers and others (Subhan, 2007). Seventh is the 1990s Incident Reporting and Monitoring- Safe Medical Devices Act/ This EP needs an account of the hospital program for monitoring and reporting incidents as required by the SMDA, while the eighth one is the Emergency Procedures. This eighth EP requires the hospital to develop emergency procedures. These procedures are needed so that there will be role and responsibility identification of maintainers and users. These two should assess the medical services provided by the hospital to decide which types of tools are critical for patient car. Hospital should develop procedures for managing the clinical consequences of critical equipment failure (Subhan, 2007).

Rebuttal to Killing Them Softly Essay -- Jacob Sullum Tobacco Essays

Rebuttal to â€Å"Killing Them Softly† â€Å"Killing Them Softly,† an essay by Jacob Sullum, addresses the issue of Senator Judd Gregg’s bill to give the Food and Drug Administration control over tobacco products. This bill would allow the FDA to make such decisions as halting tobacco companies’ marketing of safer tobacco products and reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes. Sullum argues that by giving the FDA the power to make such decisions, individual consumers would be disadvantaged and lives could possibly be lost instead of saved. If given control of such decisions, the FDA would not allow the introduction of safer tobacco products as they feel this will increase the number of smokers. They feel more people will begin using these products that are advertised as less harmful substances, whereas Sullum feels it would be better for people to change their habits to these â€Å"safer alternatives.† Sullum fails to consider benefits of relinquishing control to the FDA, however. By c onsidering some of the positive results, Sullum might develop a different opinion and support the bill as he should. One major point that Sullum tries to emphasize is how people’s health will be disadvantaged once the FDA is given control. When making the decision about marketing safer tobacco products, the FDA is concerned about how the introduction of smokeless tobacco will be interpreted by the â€Å"population as a whole.† Sullum, on the other hand, believes the concern should be with individual consumers. He believes smokers could be doing something healthier for themselves if the FDA promoted smokeless tobacco. However, the FDA believes advertising smokeless tobacco as a less harmful substitute for cigarette smoking misleads people and encourage... ...rth thinking about, it is in the best interest of the â€Å"population as a whole† that the Food and Drug Administration be given the rights to control the image that tobacco receives and exploit its negative aspects. Works Cited 1Up Health. Tobacco Use - Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco. 2003. 9 Oct. 2003. . Just Eliminate Lies. A Division of Tobacco Use Prevention and Control. 9 Dec. 2003. . Kick Butts Day. Campaign For Tobacco-Free Kids. 9 Dec. 2003. . Sullum, Jacob. â€Å"Killing Them Softly.† Reason Online. 19 Sept. 2003. 2 Oct. 2003. . Teens Against Tobacco Use. American Lung Association. 9 Dec. 2003. .

Barbados Revolt 1816 Essay

There were 2 main leaders of the Barbados Revolt of 1816, they were Bussa who was a free man in Africa and was brought to the Caribbean in the transatlantic slave trade which was indeed traumatizing. the other leader was Nanny Grigg. Causes The causes of the 1816 revolt in Barbados are: 1. The British Slave Trade was abolished in 1807 and the slaves mistook it for emancipation. There was a registry or registration bill or also called the registration of slaves {1812-1815} in which planters or owners had to register their slaves, this was passed so as to stop excessive punishment as well as the illegal sale of slaves. The planters were infuriated over the passing of this bill and saw it as interference in their domestic affairs. The slaves misinterpreted this as being angry about a plan for their emancipation. 2. A free colored man called Washington Franklin read newspaper reports of the anti-slavery debates. 3. Harsh treatment inflicted by white society-desire for permanent freedom and revenge. 4. Some slaves who were literate such as Nanny Grigg, had access to local and English newspapers from which they learnt about what was happening in England Haiti and elsewhere. 5. An able leader emerged among the slave that is Bussa, an African born slave. 6. This revolt was mainly fueled by the planters’ refusal to accept the Slave Registration Bill, the fact that the slaves felt their Emancipation was being withheld from them and the ideas of freedom and equality being cultivated in the minds of the slaves’ mind by non-conformists Missionaries. 7. The slaves believed emancipation had been granted, mistaking it for the Registration Bill (which stated that all slaves had to be accounted for, so no smuggling went on) and revolted. *Slaves in Barbados enjoyed some measure of freedom; this measure of freedom helped them to organize the revolt. Effects/Results 1. The missionaries were kicked out of Barbados – This help to turn the British public opinion against the planters and made people in Britain more favorable to emancipation – Humanitarians were encourage increasing their activity to bring down slavery 2. Planters became fearful 3. Several hundred slaves were killed Bussa Bussa, (also recorded as Bussa, or Busso or Bussoe) was born in Africa but captured and brought to Barbados to work as a slave on Bayleys Plantation in the southern parish of St Philip. (Today, the plantation’s ‘Great House’ is still standing and become the residence and recording studio of international musician Eddy Grant) His birth date remains unknown, however it is thought that he arrived in Barbados as an adult. On the plantation Bussa worked as a domestic slave, a head-ranger at Bayleys and did not experience the intense hardships that the field slaves endured. Domestic slaves generally considered themselves above the field slaves and some even exposed plans of slave rebellions to their ‘masters’ in order to gain favour. Bussa however, despite his ‘privileged’ position, helped to plan for months in advance. The slaves rebellions were born out of a strong desire to overthrow the oppressive white plantocracy and claim their freedom. It is said that plans for the rebellion began after the House of Assembly’s rejection of the Imperial Registry Bill in November 1815. On the night of Good Friday, April 12, 1816, the final preparations were made for the rebellion. At this meeting, it was decided that a mulatto slave Washington Francklyn was intended to become the Governor of the island. On the night of Good Friday, April 12, 1816, the final preparations were made for the rebellion. At this special meeting, it was decided that a mulatto slave Washington Francklyn was supposed to become the Governor of the island. On the morning of Sunday April 14, 1816 Bussa led around 400 slaves Several cane fields were set afire and from Bayley’s Plantation in St Philip the insurrection quickly spread to Christ Church, St George, St Thomas, St Lucy and St Thomas. The white plantation owners were totally caught off guard. The slaves fought valiantly against the troops of the First West India regiment and it was reported The rebellion spread from plantation to plantation until about half of the island was caught up in the insurrection. It took four days for the authorities to regain control. Bussa was killed in battle, and the ringleaders were executed. Although the rebellion ultimately failed, it was never forgotten. In 1985 more than a century later, the Emancipation Statue was erected at the roundabout in Haggatt Hall, St Michael. In 1999, Bussa was named as one of the national heroes of Barbados. and there is also a national holiday ‘Emancipation Day’, which celebrates the emancipation of the slaves.

Current provision and practice Essay

Each one of the early years educators has played an important role in setting the foundations that is the basis of the main curriculum’s and foundation frameworks in schools today. Maria Montessori believed in independence in nurseries and that children should be taught to use their senses first rather than just educating their intellect with subjects such as maths and science. These of course came later in the children’s education but the main focus within her nurseries was to develop observational skills through the environment and learning outdoors, and to provide the children with carefully organised preparatory activities rather than repetition as a means of developing competence in skills. Montessori believed children should be encouraged to take responsibility for their own learning, enabling them to become more independent. The teaching practices of Maria Montessori have been highly influential on current practice as many specialised Montessori nurseries are currently running up and down the country. They promote her curriculum of independency and use many of her approaches to practice such as the idea that the child’s freedom, dignity and independence are of paramount importance. In a typical Montessori nursery there is a general atmosphere of children doing things for themselves carefully and competently – carrying furniture, setting tables, pouring drinks, washing their hands – and following activities which absorb and interest them. This is, in some ways, a very different method to the practices used in government run nurseries etc. as they follow a more standard curriculum where reading and writing are encouraged more formally and learning plans set out at an early age. Some of this practice is reflected within my current placement through the children’s play such as tid ying away independently at the end of activities and being responsible for making sure toys are put away before a new activity is begun . In my placement, when the children are told it is tidy up time they know they need to put everything away and must help clear up until the room is tidy. The practitioners join in with the tidying but do not do it for the children, so they are leading by example but are still allowing the children to think for themselves and take responsibility for putting away their own play equipment. During snack time I have also witnessed the children carrying their own chairs through if they are a few chairs short in the hall. This  gives the children a sense of independence and is also a good way of developing their gross motor skills and co-ordination. In the key stage 1 classes children are encouraged to pour their own drinks and are given small jobs such as handing out the lunchboxes and folders at lunchtime and the end of the day. These are just a few ways that the children are encouraged to be independent within the school day as well as managing their own hygiene and dressing/undressin g independently for a physical education activity. Part of the stepping stones within the foundation stage state that children should be encouraged to dress and undress independently and select and use activities and resources independently, which is exactly what I have witnessed in my previous and current placements. The birth to three matters framework has a similar view on independency as the emotional well-being guidelines for a child focuses on developing healthy independence e.g. ‘activities which provide small steps to be achieved will support all children, including those with disabilities, thus reducing frustration and supporting them to become independent.’ These clear guidelines from the various frameworks and curriculum’s undoubtedly show the positive effect Maria Montessori has had on current practice, and that her theories have been widely acknowledged within teaching practice today. Rudolf Steiner set up the Waldorf schools where the main consideration is around practical activities that develop the mind and the imagination. The types of activities that Steiner introduced in his schools were things such as knitting, weaving, playing a musical instrument, woodcarving and painting. These are very much practical based activities and many are still carried on in schools today such as learning to play an instrument. This is seen as an important activity for children in the early years and lessons and clubs for this are seen as mainstream activities. Steiner believed that education should be designed to suit the changing needs of a child as they develop mentally, physically and emotionally. This can be seen in the current practices and provisions as there are different levels and stages of which a child can progress through at their own pace, such as the stepping stones in the birth to three matters and foundation stage curriculum. Each individual child is encouraged within their own abilities to progress with their education and onto the next levels of development and learning within  today’s practices, and Steiner’s approach has therefore been influential on many areas of the early year’s education. His ideas on allowing children to be taught by the same teacher for up to seven years have been adopted in some ways by secondary schools as a class is given the same form tutor for up to five years and then another for two years if they progress to higher education. He believed this was an effective way of giving children stability within schools, and the tutors would almost be like main carers for the children until they left school. Friedrich Froebel’s ‘kindergarten’ is the modern day nursery, playgroup or parent and toddlers group. He wanted parents to be fully involved with their children’s learning and play an active role in their child’s educational development. This was an important feature of Froebel’s vision and can be seen in current practices through parent/teacher evenings and the various reports and progress write ups that are sent home to parents from early years settings. The placement I am currently with send home termly reports explaining to parents and carers how their child is doing with regards to education and also to their social, emotional and physical well-being. Froebel believed the role of the mother was to recognise their child’s capacity for learning and wanted to encourage the parents to support the children with this, and as you can see from the current approaches to this in early year’s settings his work has helped to develop the understanding of the importance of the role of a child’s family in their learning and nurturing. This is now very much reflected in the governments recent every parent matters agenda. He also believed children learn through structured play at their readiness, in an organised and prepared learning environment. This is similar to the guidelines of the curriculum’s and frameworks we use today as children are taught through structured activities that are carried out in stimulating environments. The fact that activities and play is structured benefits the teachers immensely as they will always have a clear view of what they need to be teaching the children, and when and where they should be learning specific things. They are also able to plan the day effectively and help each child reach their early learning goals. Structured play benefits the  children as they need routine so they know what their day will consist of, and are also able to develop their independent learning skills within a structured, focused and supportive environment. If a child’s day has routine or structure to it they are able to feel in control of themselves as they will always know what they are going to be doing, and how much time they have for certain activities. The special materials that Froebel developed to assist his activities were things such as shaped wooden bricks and balls, with which he had a linking set of theories. These types of play resources are used throughout early year’s settings today. The foundation stage framework states that ‘well planned play is a key way in which children learn with enjoyment and challenge’. This clearly shows that Froebel and Isaacs’s theories have been influential towards current practice and benefit children and teachers through the education policies. I have seen these benefits first hand within my placement. The teachers have the opportunity to plan their lessons and the activities ahead and so are able to plan time for their own personal work and preparation for other lessons into the day, and can inform the children exactly what they will be doing that day, thus giving them a clear, structured routine they can easily follow. Children are able to choose freely within pl ay activities yet each play resource is chosen carefully and all of them can relate to either a certain topic they are doing ect. so the children’s learning of a certain subject can be carried on through their play. The foundation stage curriculum states that ‘well planned play, both indoors and outdoors, is a key way in which young children learn with enjoyment and challenge.’ Froebel’s theories have, from this example, been the basis of many of the curriculum’s ideas on play, and making it structured also allows the teachers to plan and resource a challenging environment that will extend the children’s learning. The curriculum also states that practitioners should be ‘supporting children’s learning through planned play activities, extending and supporting children’s spontaneous play and extending and developing children’s language and communication in their play.’ Many of these requirements would not be possible if play was not planned or structured, as practitioners would not know what resources the children would be using during the day, and so would not be able to make  assessments effectively or develop and extend the children’s learning to their full potential. Froebel’s theories and early years work mean practitioners and children can benefit from play immensely. Children; in all areas of their development, and practitioners; as it enables them to focus their assessments thus informing future planning to better meet the needs of the children. Margaret McMillan was another early year’s educator who has inspired and influenced many of the current provisions and practices used today. Her main emphasis was on fresh air, exercise and nourishment, and still influences some aspects of current English nursery practice. Many early years settings regard outdoor play as an important aspect of a child’s learning, and gardens and play areas are available for the children at either frequent intervals throughout the day, for a substantial amount of time (as can be seen in the placement I am currently at), or constant access is given. McMillan recognised that imagination is good for society as a whole, an idea that is seen in the educational reforms of the 20th century, and can be clearly seen in the practices within her nurseries today. She believed that children are ‘active’ learners, meaning they learn whilst doing something (usually playing), a concept that has been brought into current practices as practical activities that involve moving about or using some kind of resource, and especially general play, is now much more emphasised in early years settings than it previously was. Rudolph Steiner also believed that practical play activities were a good developer of the imagination. His Waldorf schools concentrated on activities such as wood-work, knitting and playing musical instruments, which are now mainstream subjects in secondary and primary schools e.g. design technology, which covers all creative areas, and music. Children can develop their creativity, imagination and emotional development through music as well as many other areas of personal learning. Teachers are able to apply their own skills in these creative areas and demonstrate to the children how they can achieve what they are aiming for. By seeing their teachers own personal skill first hand the children will be able to respect and learn from practitioners in a more understanding way. Susan Isaac’s was also a believer that play is central to learning, and also  that parents/carers are seen as partners, working with teachers and their child to develop and support their child’s abilities. This is similar to Froebel’s theories on parent/teacher relationships in the way that he saw parents as the main educators of young children. This concept is still clearly seen in the practices of early year’s settings as parents are encouraged to be involved in every aspect of a child’s learning, and have the opportunity to work with the teacher in developing their child’s abilities. This benefits the children and the parents as both can create a bond with each other through the education of the child, and the parent will be able to understand more fully how their child learns best and how to encourage and support them if they are struggling. Play is still seen as central to learning and parents/carers are seen as partners in helping their child progress through the stepping stones. In my current placement children are given ample time throughout the day to have free play and choose to do whatever interests them. The day is structured (as Froebel believed it should be) so they still have time set aside for number work and writing activities, but are not pushed to complete the more intellectual side of the work as play and ‘active’ learning are the most emphasised activities throughout the children’s day. This benefits the child in the way that they will have a break from concentrating on the more intellectual side of things and be able to relax, whilst still learning through structured play and various activities. Having the ability to choose will keep them interested in learning about writing and reading as they will feel they are not being forced to learn about them. Friedrich Froebel introduced the idea of structured play and fully involving parents with their children’s learning. His work has been extensively influential on current practice in early years settings today as the basic framework and curriculum’s that guide children through their learning are based around his ideas about how children should be working with their parents and how carers should be involved in all aspects of their child’s learning and development through school, and how children should learn at their own pace and be guided instead of pushed towards their learning goals. The national curriculum states that ‘teachers are required to report  annually to parents on pupil’s progress’ through their learning goals. Parents also have a say in whether their children are included in religious education classes and sex education, and are given the right to withdraw their children from it or go to the classes with their children to guide them through it. Secondary and primary schools send home letters to parents informing them when classes such as these will be taking place, and permission slips are enclosed so the school know which children can take part in the classes and which cannot. My current placement sends home a daily report on each child so the parents can see their child’s routine for the day including what they played with, how long they slept for, what and how much they ate during the day and generally how they got on. This gives the parents a clear understanding of how their child is getting on in the nursery and allows them to give feedback to the practitioners so they can work together to ensure the child is reaching their full potential in all areas of development. This clearly shows that Froebel’s ideology of parents being involved in children’s learning has been taken into early year’s settings today and has had a positive effect on current learning and the guidelines in the curriculum. Parent and toddler groups are also a popular class for parents to attend when their children are young. They allow parents to be fully involved with their child’s play, and as children learn most substantially through play this gives the parents a better insight as to how their children learn and what stimulates them most effectively. They can then use this knowledge to help progress their child’s learning at home. The foundation stage has the same principles as the national curriculum in the way that parents are encouraged to become involved with their child’s learning throughout and to work with the practitioners to extend the children’s learning both in the classroom and at home. According to the foundation stage curriculum, when parents and practitioners work together in early years settings the results have a positive impact on the child’s development and learning, therefore each setting should seek to develop an effective partnership with parents. This was one of Froebel’s main theories  within early years and so current practice has clearly been influenced by this and has expanded on his views to make sure parents, practitioners and children can benefit from his work. Practitioners can listen to any concerns parents have over their child’s development and then work with them to find an appropriate solution to the problem. Froebel also recognised the importance of specific training for early childhood teachers. He believed that early year’s teachers needed more focused training as the early stages of a child’s development and education formed the basis of their personalities and eagerness to learn in the future. This may have some contribution to the fact that early years practitioners must undergo specific training in order to become qualified to work in early year’s settings, such as NNEB’s, NVQ’s and BTEC’s. My opinion of Froebel’s work and the research I have done on his theories is that his work has been the most influential on current practice due to the fact that most of his work has been combined with, and been the main basis for many of the guidelines in the curriculum’s and frameworks used in early years today. The emphasis on active learning is well established within early years settings, but combined with the current guidance from central government upon meeting targets, it is indicated by the inspection of early years settings that play-based learning is not a priority, though the training of practitioners, which Froebel believed was essential, has received considerable attention in recent years, and current practice is now trying to catch up with the ideas Froebel proposed. The role of the mother in children’s learning is not as Froebel expounded due to mothers of young children being encouraged to work rather than stay at home. Teaching and nurturing children in the home is regarded as less effective or desirable than education in more formal, out of home settings, though the parents as partners scheme initiated by the government throughout the curriculum’s gives parents and practitioners a way of communicating and working together to help the child, so in this way I think his ideas on parents being involved in children’s learning has been responsible for this being put into practice. Friedrich Froebel’s theories have, in my opinion, been the most influential on early year’s practitioners, and their approach to practice is guided by many of his ideas and concepts on how children should be learning. His work surrounding the ‘kindergarten’ (the first form of modern day nursery) produced the framework and theories that practitioners work with and expand on in current practice and so in my opinion his work has had the most effective influence on today’s early years educators and their practice, and this evidence suggests his work will continue to be explored and expanded on within the curriculums and frameworks for years to come. Bibliography Bruce T learning through play: babies, toddlers and the foundation years, (2201), Hoddler and Stoughton†¢Tassoni P, BTEC early years (2nd edition), (2006) Heinemann†¢Bruce T, Time to play in early childhood education (1991), Hoddler and Stoughton